The stage-set for Rasputin written by Alexej Tolstoi and cited by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht, with the stage designed by Erwin Piscator, in 1927

The stage-set for Rasputin written by Alexej Tolstoi and cited by the German playwright Bertolt Brecht (1898 - 1956), with the stage designed by Erwin Piscator that included a recording of Lenin's voice, in 1927.

Photo by Russian photojournalist and artist Sasha Stone

She Stoops to Conquer (a comedy) written by Oliver Goldsmith, and produced at the Abbey Theater, Dublin, starring Kyrle Bellew and Eleanor Robson, on March 23, 1905

A scene from She Stoops to Conquer (comedy, first performed in London in 1773) written by the Anglo-Irish author Oliver Goldsmith (1728 -1774), and produced by the Garrick Amateur Dramatic Club at the Abbey Theater, Dublin in Ireland, starring Kyrle Bellew and Eleanor Robson, on March 23, 1905 (just one performance), with the prologue by Mr. W. Alexander Craig, M.R.I.A. and spoken by Miss Mary O'Hea and orchestral music during the intervals by Mr. G. R. Hillis's Concert Orchestra.

Kyrle Bellew and Eleanor Robson in a scene from She Stoops to Conquer (1905)

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A scene from La Terre (1887) written by Emile François Zola and produced at the Theatre Libre, Paris, starring André Antoine, in 1900

A scene from The Pelican written by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849 - 1912) was the first Chamber Play to be produced at the Intimate Theater, on November 26, 1907. The show was soon replaced with a run of his Miss Julie.

The Father (Swedish: Fadren, 1887) written by August Strindberg and produced at the Betty Nansen Teatret, Copenhagen, in 1918

A scene from The Father (Swedish: Fadren, 1887) written by the Swedish playwright August Strindberg (1849 -1912) and produced at the Betty Nansen Teatret, Copenhagen, starring Peter Fjelstrup as The Captain and Thilda Fønss as Bertha, in 1918

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L'Oiseau bleu (The Blue Bird) written by Marie Bernard Maeterlinck and first staged by Constantin Stanislavski at the Moscow Art Theatre on October 13, 1908,

Many characters in L'Oiseau bleu (The Blue Bird) written by the Belgian playwright  Marie Bernard Maeterlinck (1862-1949) and first staged by Constantin Stanislavski at the  Moscow Art Theatre on October 13, 1908, with the cast of Alisa Koonen as Mytyl and Sofia Khalyutina as Tiltil

Alexandra Rebikova as milk

Set Design by Edvard Munch for Ghosts written by Henrik Ibsen, drawn in 1906

Set Design by the best known Norwegian artist Edvard Munch (1863 - 1944) for Ghosts written by the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen (1828 - 1906), drawn in 1906 

Spring Awakening (1891) written by Frank Wedekind, and produced first in the English language in New York City, starring Fania Marinoff in 1917.

   A scene from Spring Awakening (Frühlings Erwachen, published in 1891) written by the German playwright Frank Wedekind (1864 - 1918), and produced first in the English language at the 39th Street Theatre in New York City, starring Fania Marinoff (1890 - 1971), Sidney Carlyle, and Geoffrey C. Stein, in 1917. 

   The first English production took place in New York City in 1917, and was met with much controversy. This performance was threatened with closure when the city's Commissioner of Licenses claimed that the play was pornographic. 

   

Fania Marinoff (right) 

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Frühlings Erwachen (Spring Awakening, 1891) written by Frank Wedekind, and premiered under the direction of Max Reinhardt at the Kammerspiele, Berlin, on November 20, 1906

A scene from Frühlings Erwachen (Spring Awakening, published in 1891) written by the German playwright Frank Wedekind (1864 - 1918), and premiered under the direction of Max Reinhardt (1873 - 1943) at the Kammerspiele, Berlin, on November 20, 1906. Frühlings Erwachen was at last produced, though much cut. In the Reinhardt production, the cast included Alfred Moissi, Gertrud Eysoldt and, Wedekind’s favorite actor, Albert Steinrück.

finale of the Reinhardt production of 1906, in which Frank Wedekind portrayed the Masked Man (center)

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Lillah McCarthy as Madge Thomas in Strife written by John Galsworthy and performed at the Duke of York's Theatre, London, in 1909

   A photo of Lillah McCarthy (1875 - 1960) as Madge Thomas in Strife (3-act-play, 1909) written by the English playwright John Galsworthy (1867 - 1933) and performed at the Duke of York's Theatre, London, in 1909.

   Strife was Galsworthy's third play. He wrote it in a few months in 1907, and sent the manuscript to friends for comment. After being refused by several theatre managers, a successful production in Manchester led to its production in London by Charles Frohman at the Duke of York's Theatre, opening on 9 March 1909 for the first of six matinee performances. It was well received, and the play was transferred to the Haymarket Theatre, then to the Adelphi Theatre, for evening performances. It attracted much attention. 

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Black Masks (1908) written by the Russian playwright Leonid Andrejew and performed at the Komissarzhevskaya Academic Drama Theatre, St. Petersburg, in 1909

A scene from Black Masks (1908) written by the Russian playwright Leonid Andrejew (a father of Expressionism in Russian literature, 1871 - 1919) and performed at the Komissarzhevskaya Academic Drama Theatre (constructed in 1848), St. Petersburg, in 1909

Thermidor written by Victorien Sardou and produced at the Comédie francaise, 1902

A scene from Thermidor (4 act play, first staged in 1891) written by the 19th-century French playwright Victorien Sardou (1831 -1908) and produced at the at the Comédie-Française, Paris, in 1902

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Agents (based on the leading Yiddish author and playwright Sholom Aleichem) and produced with the stage-set made by Marc Chagall, at State Jewish Chamber Theatre, in 1921

Scene from the play Agents (based on the leading Yiddish author and playwright Sholom Aleichem) and produced with the stage-set made by Marc Chagall, at State Jewish Chamber Theatre, in 1921.  Marc Chagall was to become actively involved in the theatre movements of both large and small forms.

Sketch for a set in the play Agents based on Sholom Gouache, Paris, 1921

  

Alt-Heidelberg written by by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster, in October 1902

Some scenes from Alt-Heidelberg (first performed in 1901) written by Wilhelm Meyer-Förster (1862 - 1934), and produced in October 1902. This play was his major international success and became one of the most performed plays in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

Act II, Scene 12

Act II, Scene 12

Act II, Scene 9

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Pygmalion written by George Bernard Shaw and produced at three Broadway theatres, New York City, in 1914

A scene from Pygmalion (5-act-romance) written by the British playwright George Bernard Shaw (1856 -1950) and produced at three Broadway theatres, New York City, with the cast including Philip Merivale and Mrs Patrick Campbell, having run for 74 performances in all.  

Park Theatre, (Oct. 12,1914 - Nov. 7, 1914)

Liberty Theatre, (Nov. 9, 1914 - Nov. 21, 1914)   

Wallack's Theatre, (Nov. 23/1914 - Dec. 12, 1914)  

After creating the role of Col. Pickering in the London production, Philip Merivale (second from right) played Henry Higgins opposite Mrs. Patrick Campbell (right) when Pygmalion was taken to Broadway.

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Stevedore (play of a longshoremen's strike) produced by the Negro Repertory Company in Seattle, in 1936

A scene from Stevedore (3-act play of a longshoremen's strike) written by Paul Peter and George Sklar (American playwright, 1908 - 1988), and produced by the Negro Repertory Company in Seattle, in 1936

Set design by Robert Edmond Jones (1887 - 1954) for the court room in Machinal (1928) written by the American playwright and journalist Sophie Treadwell, and produced under the direction of Arthur Hopkins, at the Plymouth Theatre, in 1928

Set design by Robert Edmond Jones (American scenic designer, 1887 - 1954) for the court room in Machinal (1928) written by the American playwright and journalist Sophie Treadwell (1885 - 1970), inspired by the real-life case of convicted and executed murderer Ruth Snyder, and produced under the direction of Arthur Hopkins, at the Plymouth Theatre, having run for 91 performances from Sep. 7, 1928 to Nov. 24, 1928. This Broadway premiere is considered one of the highpoints of Expressionist theatre on the American stage.

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